[Page 11] (French) Vous avez enfin entendu le mot de force au sens que je le prens, quand je dis qu'il faut autant de force, pour lever un poids de cent livres a la hauteur d'un pied, qu'un de cinquante a la hauteur de deux pieds, c'est a dire qu'il y faut autant d'action ou autant d'effort. --> You have finally heard the word force in the sense that I prens, when I say we need just as much energy to lift a weight of one hundred pounds to the height of one foot, one has to live up to fifty two feet, that is to say that there should be much action or as much effort. (French) Explication des engins par l'aide desquels on peut avec une petite force lever un fardeau fort pesant.--> Explanation of gear by means of which one can raise a small force with a very heavy burden. (French) L'invention de tous ces engins n'est fondee que sur un seul principe, qui est que la mesme force qui peut lever un poids, par example, de cent livres, a la hauteur deux pied, en peut aussy lever un de 200 livres, a la hauteur d'un pied, ou un de 400 a la hauteur d'un demi pied, et ainsy des autres, si tant est qu'elle luy soit appliquee. --> The invention of these devices is founded on one principle, which is the same old force that can lift a weight, for example, of one hundred pounds, two height foot, Aussy can lift a 200 pound , has the height of one foot, or 400 to the height of half a foot, and thus the other, if at all is applied to him. terminus technicus --> technical term ---------------- [Page 59] Omne enim efficiens agit per suam virtutem quam facit in materiam subiectam, ut lux solis facit suam virtutem in aere, quae est lumen diffusum per totum mundum a luce solari. Et haec virtus vocatur similitudo, et imago, et species et multis nominibus, et hanc facit tam substantia quam accidens, et tam spiritualis quam corporalis. Et substantia plus quam accidens, et spiritualis plus quam corporalis. Et haec species facit omnem operationem huius mundi. ---> For every efficient cause acts of his own power ??, as the light of the sun makes its own power in the air, which is diffused throughout the whole world is the light from the light of the Sun. And this power is called the likeness, the image, and the names of the species and the many, and this makes the substance as well as an accident, and both the spiritual and the corporeal. And the substance oftive> than an accident, more than the bodily and spiritual. And this kind of operation of this has given all of the world. -------------- [Page 63] Dicendum quod ad motum gravis non sufficit solum-modo gravitas sive qualitas propria, immo concurrit virtus loci attrahentis et virtus loci expellentis et virtus corporis quinti, praeter illa dua moventia, quae ponit Philosophus, scil. generans grave et leve, et removens prohibens. ---> I answer that for only the heaviness or a movement of the heavy is not sufficient for a proper quality, or rather, concurs the virtue of the attraction of the place and the power of the body, and the power of the expelling of the place of the fifth, besides those two principles of movement, which, Aristotle says, that is. heavy and light of the generator, and removing the obstacle. Mihi videtur dicendum, quod quamvis elementa ad suos motus naturales determinata sint a generante, tamen per virtutem suam et aliquam partipationem influentiae, quae viget in locis suis, exequuntur illos motus, ad quos a generante sunt determinata. ---> It seems to me it must be said that, although the natural movements of the elements to their own company are to be determined from the generator, and some by its reception, however, by the power of his influence, since it thrives in their places, execute the movement of them, to whom they are determined from the generator. -------------- [Page 64] Sequitur quod graviora tardius moverentur deorsum quam minus gravia...nam graviora plus resisterent virtuti trahenti. ---> It follows that the more slowly moving down, as less heavy ... for more more drawing power of resistance. ------------ [Page 67] haec quaestio inter omnes physicas quaestiones gravissima ---> This question is among the most serious physical problems ------------ [Page 69] Debemus imaginari a toto caelo unam influentiam continuam usque ad centrum; tamen illa influentia prope caelum et remote habet aliam proprietatem et virtutem, et propter illam influentiam sic virtualiter diversificatam superius et inferius ordinant se gravia et levia in hoc mundo inferiori. Et non debet hoc negari ex eo quod illam influentiam non percipimus sensibiliter, quia etiam non percipimus illam quae de magnete multiplicatur per medium usque ad ferrum, quae tamen est magnae virtutis. --> We must imagine the whole sky to the center of the continued influence of one; Still, she is the heaven and the remotely near the influence of the power of the property and he hath no other, and because of that, so virtually the influence of the difference of the upper and lower heavy and light things in this world, direct themselves to an inferior. And this ought not to be denied from the fact that we do not perceive that the influence of the senses, because even we do not perceive that which is multiplied by the middle of the of the magnet towards the iron, which, however, is very high virtue. ------------ [Page 69] causa agens est simul cum suo effectu proximo et immediato. --> the cause of the agent is, at the same time of its effect, proximal and immediate neighbor. ------------ [Page 73] De sympathia et antipathia rerum --> Of sympathy and antipathy of things De sympathijs elementorum ad loca propria --> Sympathijs of the elements to their proper places Terra vero circa centrum in aquae concavo locum habet, cui frigiditate respondet. --> But the earth in the water around the center of the concave has a place, to which corresponds to the cold. ???? ------------- [Page 85] Punctum mathematicum,,,, nequit movere gravia -- > The point of mathematics,,,, can not move the heavy. ------------- [Page 90] Gyratio igitur in Luna, ut supervacua, fuit omissa. --> The rotation, therefore, in the Moon, that is useless, was ommitted. Exercitationes exotericae ------------- [Page 91] Der Relationsbegriff ist es, der den Kraftbegriff noetigt, gleichsam aus sich selber herauszutreten und sich in einer reinen mathmatischen Proportion zu beugen. ---> The concept of relation is the one who forces the concept of force, same time emerge from yourself and to bow in a pure mathmatischen proportion. ------------- [Page 92] Astronomiae philolaicae fundamenta clarius explicata et asserta --> Philolaicae foundations of astronomy, and more clearly explained and asserted ------------- [Page 97] placuit autem Summae Providentiae in hunc distribuere --> it was decided Supreme Providence distribute them in this Discorso intorno alle cose che stanno in su l'acqua --> Speech about things that are up water ------------ [Page 107] Les Tourbillons se presentent si naturellement a l'esprit, qu'on ne sauroit presque se dispenser de les admettre --> The Eddies present themselves so naturally to mind that one can not dispense nearly to admit. ------------- [Page 116] De motu --> On the motion ------------- [Page 116] Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica --> Mathematical principles of natural philosophy ------------- [Page 120] Vis duplex est, activa et passiva; Activa est potentia motum efficiendi; Passiva potentia recipiendi vel amittendi --> There are two kinds, active and passive; The active is the power of motion effective; The passive is the power of receiving or of losing Prima lex naturae: quod unaquaeque res, quantum in se est, semper in eodem statu perseveret. --> The first law of nature: that each and every thing, as far as it is in itself, always continues to exist in the same state. (Descartes) -------------- [Page 121] Cessante cause cessat effectus --> When the cause ceases, the effect ceases -------------- [Page 126] proportione motu --> proportion of the movement ultima ratio --> final ratio of -------------- [Page 128] Examen principiorum mechanicae et demostrationes geometricae de compositione et resolutione virium --> The examination of the principles of mechanics and demostrations of geometry of composition and resolution of force. [Page 129] (Flemish, Flandre) De Beghinselen der Weeghconst --> Statics and Hydrostatics (1586) (French) Projet de nouvelle mecanique --> Draft of the new mechanics (French) Nouvelle maniere de montrer les principaux theoremes des elements de mecanique --> A new way to show the main theorems of elements of mechanics -------------- [Page 131] Quod ut demostrem, assumam pro primo minimo vel puncto motus, quod causatur a prima quae imaginari potest attractiva vi terrae --> In order to show that, I will take for the movement point to enter the first or the least, which first can not imagine that is caused by the attractive force of the earth -------------- [Page 132] Dues creet... vim attractivam lapidis; et singulis postea momentis novam et novam vim creet, quae aequalis sit illi quam primo momento creavit; quae juncta cum vi ante creata fortium lapidem trahat. --> One God creates ... an attractive force of the stone; and after each new moment and creates a new force, be to him that is equal to a moment which he first created; which united strength stronger than the stone created before the attracts. (French) Principes de m?canique fondes sur la cinematique -- > Principles of mechanics based on the kinematics (French) Da la constitution des atomes --> The constitution of atoms -------------- [Page 133] (French) On remarquera qu'elle entraine aussi que la force totale sollicitant une particule n'es pas exactement la resultante geometrique, composee par la regle statique du parallelogramme ou du polygone que l'on connait, de toutes les forces avec lesquelles la solliciteraient separement les autres particules si chacune existait seul avec elle, comme on l'a cru jusqua nos jours; cette regle ne serait plus vraie que pour les actions a des distances perceptibles, dont l'intensite, reciproque aux carres des distances, est celle de la pesanteur universelle, toujours negligeable vis-a-vis des actions a des distances imperceptibles qui produisent l'elasticite, Ia capillarite, Ies chocs, Ies pressions et les vibrations. --> Note that it also entails that the total force seeking a particle are not exactly the resultant geometric, composed by the static rule of parallelogram or polygon that we know, of all the forces with which the other particles would seek separately if each existed alone with her, as it was believed til today; this rule would no longer be true only for the actions from a perceptible distance, whose intensity, the reciprocal squares of the distance, is that of universal gravity, always negligible as compared with the actions at imperceptible distance that produce the elasticity, the capillarity, the shocks, pressure and vibration. ------------- [Page 137] vis insita --> innate force ------------- [Page 138] hypotheses non fingo (Latin) --> I feign no hypotheses, I frame no hypotheses, I contrive no hypotheses, or I do not pretend to know the hypotheses. ------------- [Page. 142] Quellengeister --> source spirits --------------- [Page150] (Latin) De voluptate --> Pleasure --------------- [Page 152] Enchiridion metaphysicum, sive de rebus Incorporeis --> Handbook of metaphysics or of incorporeal Nam sic mobilia omnia moventur a Deo --> In fact, all these movable things are moved by God ---------------- [Page154] Phylosophicae teutonicae censura --> German philosophy criticism ---------------- {Page 155] Appetentiam illam et fugam non corporibus ipsis naturalem statuit; non cum Epicure aeternam, eandem tamen fortuitam; non a Veterum quorundam Amore et Odio, Juniorum Sympathia et Antipathia profectam; sed a causa quadam incorporea, quae, ut sensus nostras maxime lateat, intellectum tamen et mentis acum haud fugit. A Deo utique haec omnia proficisci palam vociferaqtus est. ----> Longing for her and flight not natural bodies themselves he set; Epicurus was not eternal, Yet the matter of chance; Not from antient old Love and Hatred, Younger sympathy and antipathy, certainly; but to the cause of a certain incorporeal, which, sense most of our hidden, intellect yet mind needle with no escape, ???? Of course all these things have to go to God is openly shouted. ------------------ [Page 156] (French) Attraction universelle et religion naturelle chez quelques commentateurs anglais de Newton --> Gravitation and natural religion in some English commentators of Newton. (French) Sur les loix de l'attraction --> On the laws of attraction (French) Si donc le Createur et l'Ordonnateur des choses avoit voulu etablir quelque loi d'attraction dans la matiere, on vit et l'on va voir encore mieux par la theorie suivante, que toutes les loix n'auroient pas du lui paroitre egales. En effet, s'il avoit fait un choix il y aurait eu sans doute des raisons pour ce choix ----> So if the Creator and the Authorising things had wanted to establish some law of attraction in the matter, we live and we'll see even better by the following theory, that not all the laws would have him appearing not equal. Indeed, if he had made a choice there were probably reasons for this choice. ------------------ [Page 162] vis insita --> innate force (French) Pour prouver que la nature du corps ne consiste pas dans l'etendue, je m'?tois servi d'un argument explique dans le Journal des Scavans du 18. Juin 1691, dont le fondement est, qu'on ne saurait rendre raison par la seule etendue de l'inertie naturelle des corps, c'est-a-dire, de ce qui fait que la matiere resiste au mouvement. --> To prove that the nature of the body is not in the extension, I used a etois argument explains in the Journal of Scavans 18. June 1691, whose foundation is that we can not account for the natural inertia of bodies only by the concept of extension, that is to say, the matter resists movement. ------------------- [Page 164] (Latin) Eodem modo generaliter colligitur, vires aequalium corporum esse ut quadrata celeritatum, et proinde vires corporum in universum in ratione composita ex corporus simplice, et celeritatum duplicata. --> In the same way, generally, we conclude that the strength of equal bodies as the squares of the speeds, and hence the strength of body, in general, in the the ratio composed of simple bodies and velocity squared. vis viva, vis mortua --> living force, dead force ------------------ [Page 167] dans lesquelles j'emploiay avec autre chose cette conservatio virium aequalium et la decuction au mouvement perpetuel, c'est a dire a l'impossible. --> in which I employ with something else that Conservatio Virium (conservation of energy) equal and deduction in perpetual motion, that is to say, is the impossible. ------------------ [Page 169] Agere est character substantiarum --> Action is character substance ------------------ [Page 170] Corpus a corpore non moveri, nisi contiguo et modo --> The body is not moved by the body, unless in a contiguous manner ------------------ [Page 171] De viribus vivis --> The liveng forces Magnum opus --> Great work ------------------ [Page 173] Oportet, ante contactum ipsum immediatum incipiant mutari velocitates ipsae --> It is necessary before the immediate contact they begin to change the velocities. ------------------ [Page 179] Est aliquid praeter extensionem, imo extensione prius --> There is something in addition to the extension, the extension of the bottom before ------------------ [Page 182] accidentia non migrant e substantiis in substantias --> accidents do not travel from substances to substances ------------------ [Page 184] sept lecons de physique generale --> seven lessons of general physics ------------------ [Page 192] sur l'origine des forces mortes --> the origin of the dead forces Loi qui comprend toutes les attractions et repulsions --> Law which includes all the attractions and repulsions ------------------ [Page 193] Lucrece Newtonien --> The Newtonian Lucretius ------------------ [Page 192] Sur l'origine des forces mortes --> On the origin of dead forces Loi qui comprend toutes les attractions et repulsions --> Act that contains all the attractions and repulsions ------------------ [Page 193] Lucrece Newtonien --> The Newtonian Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus, ca. 99 BC ? ca. 55 BC, Roman poet and philosopher) sui generis --> of its own kind ------------------ [Page 193] ignotum per ignotius --> unknown by unknown ------------------ [Page 202] quantitates incognitae --> unknown quantities sans moyen (French) --> no way ------------------ [Page 203] de motu --> on the motion Siris --> Siris: a chain of philosophical reflexions and inquiries (1744, London) ------------------ [Page 204] epicycles --> In the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the epicycle (literally: on the circle in Greek) was a geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle) ------------------ [Page 205] vera causa --> true cause ------------------ [Page 209] un mot qui ne sert qu'a cacher notre ignorance --> a word that only serves to hide our ignorance Il n'y a dans la philosophie moderne aucun mot, repete plus souvent que celui-ci, aucun qui soit si peu exactement defini. Son obscurite l'a rendu si commode, qu'on n'en a pas borne l'usage aux corps que nous connoissons; une ecole entiere de philosophes attribue aujourd'hui a des etres qu'elle n'a jamais vus une force qui ne se manifeste par aucun phenomene. ---> There is, in modern philosophy, no word repeated more often than the latter, which is not exactly defined so little. Its obscurity made it so convenient, we did not use merely to the body that we know, a whole school of philosophers assigned beings today, that it has never seen, a force manifested by any phenomenon. ------------------ [Page 212] Nouvelle mecanique --> New Mechanics Mechanica sive motus scientia --> Mechanical or motion science Traite de dynamique --> Discussion of dynamics C'est donc de cette seule idee qu'on doit tirer tous les Principes de la Mecanique, quand on veut les demontrer d'une maniere nette et precise; ainsi on ne sera point surpris qu'en consequence de cette reflexion j'aie, pour ainsi dire, detourne la vue de dessus les causes motrices pour n'envisager uniquement qu'elles produisent. --> It is this idea that one must learn all the Principles of Mechanics, when we want to demonstrate a clear and precise manner, and we will not be surprised that in consequence of this reflections I have, so to speak, diverted above causes of the motion only to consider the motion they produce. ------------------- [Page 214] Avertissement --> warning Reduire la thorie da la mecanique et l'art d'y resoudre les problemes qui s'y rapportent a des formules generales, dont le simple developpement donne toutes les equations necessaires pour la solution de chaque probleme --> Reduce the theory of mechanics and art to solve problems related to it has general formulas, whose simple development provides all necessary equations for the solution of each problem. force elementaire ou naissante --> elementary or emerging force Essai sur les machines en general --> Essay on machines in general Principes fondamentaux de l'equilibre et du mouvement --> Fundamental principles of equilibrium and movement -------------------- [Page 215] Mais elle a le desavantage d'etre fondee sur une notion metaphysique et obscure qui est celle des forces. Car quelle idee nette peut presenter a l'esprit en pareille matiere le nom de cause? il y a tant d'especes de cause! Et que peut-on entendre dans le langage precis des Mathematiques par une force, c'est-a-dire par une cause double ou triple d'une autre? --> But it has the disadvantage of being founded on a metaphysical notion of force which is the obscure. For what kind of clear idea can present in mind such matters in the name of cause? There are many species of cause! And what can be understood in the precise language of Mathematics by force, that is to say, by one cause, double or triple, of another? Ainsi les forces, telles qu'on les considere en Mecanique, ne sont pas des etres metaphysiques et abstraits: chacune d'elles reside dans une masse determine --> And forces, as they are considered in Mechanics, are not metaphysical and abstract beings: each lies in a particular mass. -------------------- [Page 216] Comptes rendus (French) --> Reports Principes de mecanique fondes sur la cinematique --> Principles of mechanics based on the kinematics --------------------- [Page 217] ecole de fil --> school of thread Nous eprouvons alors des sensations qui eveillent en nous plusieurs idees fondamentales: d'abord cells de l'existence des corps, puis celle de la forme des corps et des proprietes de l'espace, puis celle du mouvement et du temps, puis encore celle d'une certaine quantite que nous nommons une pression ou une traction --> Then we experience sensations that awaken us several fundamental ideas: first, the existence of cells of the body, then the shape of the body and the properties of space, then the movement and time and again that a certain amount of what we call pressure or traction. L'experience nous apprend aussi que la rupture ou la separation du systeme de liaison d'un corps n'a lieu qu'apres un certain changement de figure, prealablement accompli, et par la nous comprenons que la qualite liaison des corps pourra nous servir a trouver experimentalement les intensites des forces des le debut et avant l'etablissement d'aucune science mecanique. --> The experience also tells us that the rupture or separation of the system of binding body (liaison) takes place only after a change of figure, done beforehand, and we understand that the quality of binding bodies will serve us to find experimentally the intensities of the forces from the beginning and before the establishment of any mechanical science. causes mysterieuses agissantes --> acting mysterious causes ----------------------- [Page 219] (French) On voit que ce ne sera pas une de ces verites elementaires qu'on puisse admettre en guise d'axiome des le debut de la science. Ce ne sera pas non plus une verite purement abstraite, ni purement experimentale; il s'y trouvera beaucoup de l'une et beaucoup de l'autre, et les applications ulterieures de la science qui en dependra devront en verifier la parfaite justesse. --> We see that this is not one of these elementary truths we can assume as an axiom of the beginning of the science. It is not a purely abstract truth, nor purely experimental, it will find a lot of one and a lot of other, subsequent applications of the science that will depend on the check perfect accuracy. ----------------------- [Page 220] (French) Le mot force ne devant plus servir a designer une cause quelconque de mouvement, mais ... cet effet particulier d'une cause quelconque qu'on nomme une pression ou une traction et que nous apprecions avec un si haut degre de clarte dans un fil tendu. --> The word force is no longer to be used to designate any cause of movement, but ... this particular effect of any cause is called a pressure or tension, and we appreciate that with such a high degree of clarity a thread tenses. ------------------------ [Page 223] (German) Es folgt daraus, dass nach Einfuhrung von Kraftesystemen an Stelle einfacher Krafte die Mechanik ausser Stande ist, eine vollstandige Definition des Begriffs der Kraft zu geben. Trotzdem ist diese Einfuhrung von der hochsten Wichtigkeit. Es beruht das darauf, dass,wie die Erfahrung gezeigt hat, bei den naturlichen Bewegungen sich immer solche Systeme finden lassen, deren Einzelkrafte leichter angegeben werden konnen, als lhre Resultanten. --> It follows that, after introduction of forces-systems instead of simple forces, the mechanics is not in a position to give a complete definition of the concept of force. Nevertheless, this introduction is of the highest importance. It is due to the fact that, as experience has shown, in the natural movements such systems can always be found , the individual forces can be more easily expressed as their resultants (resultant of forces). ------------------------- [Page 231] Volo ergo sum --> I wish therefore I am (volo - I want, volition, will) cogito ergo sum --> I think therefore I am